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svg{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);border-radius:4px;padding:3px 2px}.jp-carousel-pagination-container{flex:1;margin:0 15px 0 35px}.jp-carousel-pagination,.jp-swiper-pagination{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:none;font-size:15px;font-weight:400;position:static!important;white-space:nowrap}.jp-carousel-pagination-container .swiper-pagination{line-height:8px;text-align:left}.jp-carousel-pagination{padding-left:5px}.jp-carousel-info-footer .jp-carousel-photo-title-container{flex-basis:50vw;flex:4;justify-content:center;margin:0;overflow:hidden}.jp-carousel-photo-caption,.jp-carousel-photo-title{background:none!important;border:none!important;color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:inline-block;font:normal 20px/1.3em Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0!important;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 10px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-shadow:none!important;text-transform:none!important}.jp-carousel-info-footer 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Η οργάνωση του γενετικού υλικού σε χρωμοσώματα Skip to content Η οργάνωση του γενετικού υλικού σε χρωμοσώματα Τι είναι τα χρωμοσώματα ;
Οι ζωντανοί οργανισμοί πραγματοποιούν διάφορες διεργασίες κι εμφανίζουν συγκεκριμένα δομικά χαρακτηριστικά που καθορίζονται κυρίως από τις ουσίες που ονομάζουμε πρωτεΐνες . Οι πληροφορίες για την παραγωγή των πρωτεϊνών από τα κύτταρα αποθηκεύονται στο γενετικό τους υλικό. Το γενετικό υλικό των ζωντανών οργανισμών είναι το DNA (δεοξυριβονουκλεϊκό οξύ) . Το DNA του ευκαρυωτικού κυττάρου βρίσκεται κυρίως στον πυρήνα του. Οργανώνεται σε δομές που ονομάζονται χρωμοσώματα , ώστε να διατηρείται λειτουργικό και «ασφαλές».
ΨΗΦΙΑΚΟ ΒΙΒΛΙΟ 5.1 Το γενετικό υλικό οργανώνεται σε χρωμοσώματα
ΤΙ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ ΓΟΝΙΔΙΩΜΑ; Το γονιδίωμα είναι η γενετική μας σύσταση. Είναι οι πληροφορίες που κληρονομήσαμε από τους γονείς μας, οι οποίες εν μέρει κατευθύνουν τη ζωή μας. Περιλαμβάνει 3 δισεκατομμύρια (3.000.000.000) δεδομένα (τμήματα) στη μορφή του δεοξυριβονουκλεϊκού οξέως (DNA). Τα ξεχωριστά δεδομένα ονομάζονται νουκλεοτίδια ή βάσεις και είναι οι δομικές μονάδες του DNA. Τα νουκλεοτίδια συνδέονται μεταξύ τους σε εντυπωσιακά μακριές αλυσίδες και η σειρά τους πάνω σε αυτές τις αλυσίδες είναι η αλληλουχία του DNA. Τι κάνει το γονιδίωμα; Αν σκεφθείτε το σώμα σας σαν μια πολυπλοκη βιοχημική μηχανή γεμάτη χημικές ουσίες (μόρια και μακρομόρια) που αλληλεπιδρούν, το γονιδίωμα είναι το σχεδιάγραμμα της μηχανής. Περιλαμβάνει τις οδηγίες για τη συναρμολόγηση των μακρομοριακών συστατικών: οι οδηγίες είναι τα γονίδια, και τα συστατικά που κωδικοποιούνται αυτά είναι κυρίως πρωτεΐνες. Τα γονίδια επηρεάζουν τα φυσικά χαρακτηριστικά μας — όπως το χρώμα των ματιών και των μαλλιών και το ύψος — αλλά και την ευπάθειά μας σε μερικά νοσήματα. Το γονιδίωμα, ωστόσο, είναι κάτι πολύ περισσότερο από έναν κατάλογο συστατικών ή ενώσεων και τμημάτων. Περιέχει επίσης πληροφορίες που ελέγχουν πότε και πού θα εκφρασθούν τα τμήματα. Σκεφθείτε τη θαυμαστή πρώιμη ανάπτυξη ενός εμβρύου από ένα μοναδικό κύτταρο σ’ έναν πολυκύτταρο οργανισμό — η ακολουθία των μετασχηματισμών που επιτυγχάνουν αυτή την ανάπτυξη προϋποθέτει εξαιρετικά συντονισμένη έκφραση ενός τεράστιου συνόλου γονιδίων. Ακόμα και πολύ απλούστερες δραστηριότητες, όπως η καταπολέμηση μιας λοίμωξης, προϋποθέτουν πολύπλοκες αλληλεπιδράσεις γονιδίων ώστε να οργανωθεί η κατάλληλη άμυνα. Έτσι, το γονιδίωμα δεν είναι απλώς μια συλλογή γονιδίων που δρουν μεμονωμένα, αλλά περιλαμβάνει επίσης τον οικουμενικό και πολύ συντονισμένο έλεγχο των πληροφοριών για την εκτέλεση ποικίλων κυτταρικών λειτουργιών. Ένα από τα μεγάλα πλεονεκτήματα που προσφέρει η γνώση της αλληλουχίας του γονιδιώματος είναι ότι ίσως αρχίσουμε να κατανοούμε τη ρύθμιση των κυτταρικών λειτουργιών. Το γονιδίωμά σας είναι τουλάχιστον κατά 99,9% ταυτόσημο με το γονιδίωμα οποιουδήποτε άλλου ανθρώπου στον πλανήτη μας. Αν μάλιστα η σύγκριση γίνει με κάποιον στενό συγγενή, το ποσοστό είναι ακόμη υψηλότερο. Μια διαφορά της τάξης του 0,1% ίσως δε φαίνεται ικανή να δικαιολογεί τη μοναδικότητα κάθε ανθρώπου, αλλά στην ουσία σημαίνει τρία εκατομμύρια διαφορές στον γενετικό κώδικα, που ασφαλώς αφήνουν περιθώρια για μοναδικότητα. Κάποιες από τις διαφορές δεν έχουν προφανείς επιπτώσεις, ενώ άλλες επηρεάζουν την εμφάνιση, τη συμπεριφορά, την ευπάθεια σε νοσήματα και την ανταπόκριση στα φάρμακα. Στην ουσία, όλοι μας προήλθαμε από το ίδιο γενετικό υλικό, αλλά οι μικρές διαφορές μας έχουν μεγάλη σημασία.Carina, D. & Callagher, R. (2004), Το Ανθρώπινο Γονιδίωμα, (μτφρ.) Κ. Σταματόπουλος, Αθήνα: Ιατρικές Εκδόσεις Π.Χ. Πασχαλίδης.
ΟΡΓΑΝΩΣΗ ΓΕΝΕΤΙΚΟΥ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ ΣΕ ΧΡΩΜΟΣΩΜΑΤΑ: ΠΑΡΟΥΣΙΑΣΗ Η ΘΕΩΡΙΑ ΜΕ ΑΠΛΑ ΛΟΓΙΑ
ΒΙΝΤΟΜΑΘΗΜΑ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΙ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΙ
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