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svg{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);border-radius:4px;padding:3px 2px}.jp-carousel-pagination-container{flex:1;margin:0 15px 0 35px}.jp-carousel-pagination,.jp-swiper-pagination{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:none;font-size:15px;font-weight:400;position:static!important;white-space:nowrap}.jp-carousel-pagination-container .swiper-pagination{line-height:8px;text-align:left}.jp-carousel-pagination{padding-left:5px}.jp-carousel-info-footer .jp-carousel-photo-title-container{flex-basis:50vw;flex:4;justify-content:center;margin:0;overflow:hidden}.jp-carousel-photo-caption,.jp-carousel-photo-title{background:none!important;border:none!important;color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:inline-block;font:normal 20px/1.3em Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0!important;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 10px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-shadow:none!important;text-transform:none!important}.jp-carousel-info-footer 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Δυναμική ενέργεια: μια «δύσκολη» περίπτωση | My School Lab | Skip to content Δυναμική ενέργεια: μια «δύσκολη» περίπτωση Μάλλον γνωρίζεις πως δεν πρέπει ποτέ να κρεμάμε βαριά αντικείμενα πάνω από το κρεβάτι μας. Γιατί; Μα διότι κάτι τέτοιο αποτελεί μια δυνητικά επικίνδυνη κατάσταση. Μια κατάσταση, δηλαδή, που μπορεί να μας βλάψει. Όμως μια «δυνητική βλάβη» για τη φυσική δεν είναι παρά η δυνατότητα ενός σώματος να προκαλέσει μια αλλαγή! Και βέβαια αυτή η δυνατότητα δεν είναι παρά η «κατοχή» ενέργειας ! Τι είδους ενέργεια πιστεύεις πως διαθέτει ένα βαρύ κουτί κρεμασμένο πάνω από το κρεβάτι σου και γιατί σε ανησυχεί; Το αντικείμενο μελέτης μας αυτή τη φορά είναι η δυναμική ενέργεια !
ΨΗΦΙΑΚΟ ΒΙΒΛΙΟ 5.2 Δυο βασικές μορφές ενέργειας: Δυναμική — κινητική ενέργεια
ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΘΕΩΡΙΑΣ Η δυναμική ενέργεια, όπως και η κινητική , είναι μια θεμελιώδης μορφή ενέργειας.
Δυναμική ενέργεια Λέμε γενικά ότι ένα σώμα διαθέτει δυναμική ενέργεια λόγω της θέσης του σε ένα πεδίο δυνάμεων (λόγου χάρη σε ένα βαρυτικό ή σε ένα ηλεκτρομαγνητικό πεδίο).
Στη φύση συναντάμε διάφορες μορφές δυναμικής ενέργειας.
Βαρυτική δυναμική ενέργεια Η ενέργεια που διαθέτει ένα αντικείμενο λόγω της μάζας και της θέσης του σε ένα βαρυτικό πεδίο .
Ελαστική δυναμική ενέργεια Η ενέργεια ενός ελατηρίου (και γενικά ενός ελαστικού αντικειμένου) που το έχουμε τεντώσει ή το έχουμε συσπειρώσει.
Ηλεκτρική δυναμική ενέργεια Η ενέργεια ενός ηλεκτρικά φορτισμένου σώματος λόγω του φορτίου και της θέσης του σε ένα ηλεκτρικό πεδίο.
Μαγνητική δυναμική ενέργεια Η ενέργεια που διαθέτει ένας μαγνήτης (φυσικός ή τεχνητός) ο οποίος βρίσκεται μέσα σε ένα μαγνητικό πεδίο.
Στα πλαίσια του μαθήματός μας θα μας απασχολήσουν η βαρυτική και η ελαστική δυναμική ενέργεια.
ΒΑΡΥΤΙΚΗ ΔΥΝΑΜΙΚΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑ Σκέψου μία μπάλα που βρίσκεται ακίνητη στο πάτωμα. Όσο κι αν την αφήσουμε εκεί δεν θα προκαλέσει καμία αλλαγή στην ίδια ή το περιβάλλον της. Σκέψου τώρα πως σηκώνουμε την μπάλα και την κρατάμε σε ύψος 2m πάνω από το πάτωμα. Τι θα συμβεί αν την αφήσουμε; Θα πέσει προς στο πάτωμα φυσικά! Επομένως, σε αυτήν την περίπτωση, η μπάλα θα προκαλέσει μια αλλαγή, πράγμα που σημαίνει πως διαθέτει ενέργεια. Την ενέργεια αυτή την ονομάζουμε δυναμική.
Η βαρυτική δυναμική ενέργεια ενός σώματος εξαρτάται από τη μάζα του, την επιτάχυνση της βαρύτητας και το ύψος στο οποίο βρίσκεται πάνω από το έδαφος.
Στη γλώσσα των μαθηματικών η σχέση που δίνει τη ϐαρυτική δυναμική ενέργεια είναι:
$$ U_{g}=m\cdot g\cdot h $$
όπου m , η μάζα του σώματος σε kg και g , η επιτάχυνση της βαρύτητας σε m/sec2 και h , το ύψος σε m. Μονάδα μέτρησης της βαρυτικής ενέργειας στο S.I. είναι το 1 Joule .
Προσοχή! Στο έδαφος, δηλαδή όταν το ύψος έχει τιμή h = 0m , θεωρούμε ότι η δυναμική ενέργεια είναι μηδέν. Ως επίπεδο μηδενικής δυναμικής ενέργειας μπορούμε να επιλέγουμε οποιοδήποτε οριζόντιο επίπεδο θέλουμε. Τις περισσότερες φορές είναι χρήσιμο να επιλέγουμε ως επίπεδο μηδενικής δυναμικής ενέργειας το οριζόντιο επίπεδο που αντιστοιχεί στο χαμηλότερο σημείο από το οποίο διέρχεται το σώμα κατά την κίνηση του.
ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΗ Ένα μικρό κουτί μάζας m = 300g βρίσκεται σε ύψος h = 2m . Πόση είναι η δυναμική του ενέργεια;
Λύση: Αρχικά φροντίζω όλα τα φυσικά μεγέθη της άσκησης να είναι στο S.I. Μετατρέπω, λοιπόν, τη μάζα σε κιλά (kg).
$$ m = 300 \div 1000 kg = 0,3 kg $$
Στη συνέχεια στο μαθηματικό τύπο της δυναμικής ενέργειας αντικαθιστώ τα δεδομένα της άσκησης.
$$ U_{g}=0,3 \cdot 10\cdot 2 \text{ } (S.I.) $$
Και τελικά
$$ U_{g}=6Joules $$
ΘΕΩΡΙΑ Περισσότερες πληροφορίες για τη βαρυτική δυναμική ενέργεια και για την ελαστική δυναμική ενέργεια θα βρεις στο ακόλουθο αρχείο θεωρίας.
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