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svg{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);border-radius:4px;padding:3px 2px}.jp-carousel-pagination-container{flex:1;margin:0 15px 0 35px}.jp-carousel-pagination,.jp-swiper-pagination{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:none;font-size:15px;font-weight:400;position:static!important;white-space:nowrap}.jp-carousel-pagination-container .swiper-pagination{line-height:8px;text-align:left}.jp-carousel-pagination{padding-left:5px}.jp-carousel-info-footer .jp-carousel-photo-title-container{flex-basis:50vw;flex:4;justify-content:center;margin:0;overflow:hidden}.jp-carousel-photo-caption,.jp-carousel-photo-title{background:none!important;border:none!important;color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:inline-block;font:normal 20px/1.3em Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0!important;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 10px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-shadow:none!important;text-transform:none!important}.jp-carousel-info-footer 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Ο Maxwell για τον Faraday | My School Lab | Skip to content Ο Maxwell για τον Faraday Στον πρόλογο του πασίγνωστου βιβλίου του James Maxwell Πραγματεία για τον Ηλεκτρισμό και τον Μαγνητισμό , το οποίο δημοσιεύτηκε το 1873, ο μεγάλος επιστήμονας εξαίρει το έργο του Michael Faraday, ένα έργο ασυνήθιστο, προερχόμενο από τον βαθύ, μαθηματικοποιημένο τρόπο ανάγνωσης του χώρου, ενός νου που δεν γνώριζε μαθηματικά !!
Ας σημειωθεί, ότι εδώ, ο Maxwell αποδεικνύεται μάλλον υπερβολικά γενναιόδωρος προς τον Faraday, καθώς η αλήθεια είναι πως η παραγωγική μέθοδός του, δύσκολα μπορεί πλέον να αποδώσει καρπούς κι επιπροσθέτως ο ίδιος ήταν ο τελευταίος των μεγάλων ερευνητών που κατάφερε να συνεισφέρει ένα σημαντικό έργο στην επιστήμη του, αγνοώντας τα μαθηματικά.
Το παρακάτω απόσπασμα από την εισαγωγή της Πραγματείας του Maxwell, μεταφρασμένο στα Ελληνικά, είναι παρμένο από το βιβλίο Ιστορία της Φυσικής: Από την Πτώση των Σωμάτων ως τα Ραδιοκύματα, του Emilio Segre, εκδ. Δίαυλος, Αθήνα 1997.
Michael Faraday «Η γενική πολυπλοκότητα της πραγματείας διαφέρει σημαντικά από εκείνη κάποιων σημαντικών έργων στον Ηλεκτρισμό, τα περισσότερα από τα οποία δημοσιεύθηκαν στη Γερμανία, και μπορεί να φανεί ότι επιχειρείται η απόδοση δικαιοσύνης στις υποθέσεις μερικών επιφανών ερευνητών του Ηλεκτρισμού και των Μαθηματικών. Ένας λόγος γι’ αυτό είναι ότι πριν αρχίσω τη μελέτη για τον Ηλεκτρισμό αποφάσισα να μη διαβάσω καθόλου Μαθηματικά σχετικά με το θέμα, μέχρι να μελετήσω το έργο του Faraday Πειραματικές Έρευνες στον Ηλεκτρισμό.
Γνώριζα ότι υπήρχε μια υποτιθέμενη διαφορά ανάμεσα στον Faraday και στους Μαθηματικούς για τον τρόπο σύλληψης των φαινομένων, έτσι ώστε κανένας δεν ήταν ικανοποιημένος με τη γλώσσα του άλλου. Είχα επίσης την πεποίθηση πως η ασυμφωνία αυτή δεν σήμαινε ότι κάποια πλευρά ήταν λανθασμένη. Αρχικά πείστηκα από τον Sir William Thomson, που στις συμβουλές του, στη βοήθειά του, καθώς και στα δημοσιευμένα άρθρα του οφείλω τα περισσότερα απ’ όσα έμαθα σχετικά με το θέμα.
Όπως συνέχιζα με τη μελέτη του Faraday, αντιλήφθηκα ότι η μέθοδός του στη σύλληψη των φαινομένων ήταν επίσης μαθηματική, παρ’ όλο που δεν παρουσιάστηκε με το συμβατικό τρόπο χρήσης μαθηματικών συμβόλων. Έμαθα επίσης ότι οι μέθοδοι αυτές ήταν δυνατόν να εκφραστούν με τις συνήθεις μαθηματικές μορφές και έτσι να συγκριθούν με εκείνες των δεδηλωμένων μαθηματικών.
Για παράδειγμα, ο Faraday, με τα μάτια του νου του, είδε δυναμικές γραμμές να διαχωρίζουν όλο το χώρο, ενώ οι μαθηματικοί είδαν δυναμικά κέντρα έλξης από απόσταση: ο Faraday πρωτοαντιλήφθηκε τη βάση των φαινομένων σε πραγματικές δράσεις που συνέβαιναν στο μέσο, ενώ εκείνοι έμειναν ικανοποιημένοι που βρήκαν τη βάση των φαινομένων στη δύναμη της δράσης από απόσταση σε ηλεκτρικά ρευστά.
Όταν απέδωσα ό,τι θεωρούσα ιδέες του Faraday σε μαθηματική μορφή, ανακάλυψα ότι σε γενικές γραμμές τα αποτελέσματα των δύο μεθόδων συνέπιπταν, έτσι ώστε τα ίδια φαινόμενα να ερμηνεύονται, οι ίδιοι νόμοι δράσης να συνάγονται και από τις δύο μεθόδους, αλλά οι μέθοδοι του Faraday έμοιαζαν με εκείνες τις οποίες ξεκινάμε από μια γενικότητα και καταλήγουμε στα επιμέρους με αναλυτική συλλογιστική πορεία, ενώ οι συνήθεις μαθηματικές μέθοδοι θεμελιώθηκαν στην αρχή της επαγωγής όπου, ξεκινώντας από τα επιμέρους, κτίζουμε τη γενικότητα με σύνθεση.
Ανακάλυψα επίσης ότι μερικές από τις πιο παραγωγικές μεθόδους έρευνας που ανακαλύφθηκαν από τους μαθηματικούς ήταν δυνατόν να εκφραστούν πολύ καλύτερα σε συνάρτηση με τις ιδέες του Faraday απ’ ό,τι στην αρχική τους μορφή.»
Στη συνέχεια, παρατίθεται το αγγλικό κείμενο, στην πρωτότυπη μορφή του, από το Βιβλίο του Maxwell A treatise on electricity and magnetism, Τόμος 1 . Φέρει ημερομηνία 1 Φεβρουαρίου, 1873.
“The general complexion of the Treatise differs considerably from that of several excellent electrical works, published, most of them, in Germany, and it may appear that scant justice is done to the speculations of several eminent electricians and mathematicians. One reason of this is that before I began the study of electricity I resolved to read no mathematics on the subject till I had first read through Faraday’s Experimental Researches on Electricity. I was aware that there was supposed to be a difference between Faraday’s way of conceiving phenomena and that of the mathematicians, so that neither he nor they were satisfied with each other’s language. I had also the conviction that this discrepancy did not arise from either party being wrong. I was first convinced of this by Sir William Thomson, to whose advice and assistance, as well as to his published papers, I owe most of what I have learned on the subject. As I proceeded with the study of Faraday, I Perceived that his method of conceiving the phenomena was a mathematical one, though not exhibited in the conventional form of mathematical symbols. I also found that these methods were capable of being expressed in the ordinary mathematical forms, and thus compared with those of professed mathematicians. For instance, Faraday, in his mind’s eye, saw lines of force traversing all space where the mathematicians saw centres of force attracting at a distance: Faraday saw a medium where they saw nothing but distance: Faraday sought the seat of the phenomena in real actions going on in the medium, they were satisfied that they had found it in a power of action at a distance impressed on the on the electric fluids. When I had translated what I considered to be Faraday’s ideas into a mathematical form, I found that in general the results of the two methods coincided, so that the same phenomena were accounted for, and the same laws of action deduced by both methods, but that Faraday’s methods resembled those in witch we begin with the whole and arrive at the parts by analysis, while the ordinary mathematical methods were founded on the principle of beginning with the parts and building up the whole by synthesis. I also found that several fertile methods of research discovered by the mathematicians could be expressed much better in terms of ideas derived from Faraday than in their original form.”
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Σχετικά James Maxwell Michael Faraday Ιστορία Ηλεκτρομαγνητισμού
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