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svg{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);border-radius:4px;padding:3px 2px}.jp-carousel-pagination-container{flex:1;margin:0 15px 0 35px}.jp-carousel-pagination,.jp-swiper-pagination{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:none;font-size:15px;font-weight:400;position:static!important;white-space:nowrap}.jp-carousel-pagination-container .swiper-pagination{line-height:8px;text-align:left}.jp-carousel-pagination{padding-left:5px}.jp-carousel-info-footer .jp-carousel-photo-title-container{flex-basis:50vw;flex:4;justify-content:center;margin:0;overflow:hidden}.jp-carousel-photo-caption,.jp-carousel-photo-title{background:none!important;border:none!important;color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:inline-block;font:normal 20px/1.3em Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0!important;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 10px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-shadow:none!important;text-transform:none!important}.jp-carousel-info-footer 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Βαθμωτά (μονόμετρα) και διανυσματικά μεγέθη | My School Lab | Skip to content Βαθμωτά (μονόμετρα) και διανυσματικά μεγέθη Η ενότητα αυτή είναι αφιερωμένη στα βαθμωτά (μονόμετρα) και στα διανυσματικά μεγέθη, τις ιδιότητες και τις διαφορές τους.
Στη μελέτη της φυσικής συναντάμε διάφορα φυσικά μεγέθη. Για κάποια από αυτά είναι αρκετό να γνωρίζουμε την τιμή τους. Για κάποια άλλα όχι. Με βάση αυτό το κριτήριο, τα φυσικά μεγέθη που ανήκουν σε δύο μεγάλες κατηγορίες:
Τα βαθμωτά ή μονόμετρα μεγέθη και Τα διανυσματικά μεγέθη. Ας δούμε μερικά παραδείγματα.
Βαθμωτά ή μονόμετρα μεγέθη Όταν ζυγίζεις το αλεύρι, πριν το προσθέσεις στο μείγμα για το κέικ, το μόνο που πρέπει να γνωρίζεις είναι ένας αριθμός και η μονάδα μέτρησης “γραμμάρια” ή “κιλά”. Διαβάζεις στη ζυγαριά 250 g και αυτό είναι αρκετό για να γνωρίζεις αν διαθέτεις τη σωστή ποσότητα.
Όταν μετράς τη θερμοκρασία του νερού της μπανιέρας, πριν μπεις μέσα, το μόνο που χρειάζεσαι είναι πάλι ένας αριθμός και η μονάδα μέτρησης “βαθμός Κελσίου (o C)”.
Η μάζα και η θερμοκρασία, λοιπόν, ανήκουν σε εκείνη τη μεγάλη κατηγορία φυσικών μεγεθών τα οποία ονομάζουμε βαθμωτά ή μονόμετρα .
Ένα βαθμωτό μέγεθος προσδιορίζεται επακριβώς από την αριθμητική του τιμή, με την κατάλληλη μονάδα μέτρησης.
Άλλα παραδείγματα τέτοιων μεγεθών είναι ο όγκος, το διάστημα, η αριθμητική ταχύτητα, ο χρόνος, το χρονικό διάστημα. Ορισμένα από αυτά τα μεγέθη είναι πάντα θετικά, όπως η μάζα και το διάστημα. Άλλα, όπως η θερμοκρασία, μπορούν να λάβουν θετικές ή αρνητικές τιμές.
Για να χειριστούμε ένα βαθμωτό μέγεθος, αρκούν οι βασικοί αριθμητικοί κανόνες.
Διανυσματικά μεγέθη Αν κωπηλατείς σε ένα ποτάμι και χρειάζεσαι να γνωρίζεις την ταχύτητα του νερού, θα πρέπει να διαθέτεις πληροφορίες της τιμής της ταχύτητας του νερού και της κατεύθυνσής της. Ακριβώς επειδή η κατεύθυνση της ταχύτητας είναι απαραίτητη για τον πλήρη προσδιορισμό της, λέμε πως η ταχύτητα είναι ένα διανυσματικό μέγεθος.
Ένα διανυσματικό μέγεθος προσδιορίζεται επαρκώς από μία αριθμητική τιμή (μέτρο) με κατάλληλη μονάδα μέτρησης, σε συνδυασμό με την κατεύθυνσή του.
Άλλα παραδείγματα διανυσματικών μεγεθών είναι η επιτάχυνση και η δύναμη.
Παράδειγμα από την κινηματική Ας δούμε τώρα άλλο ένα παράδειγμα από το προηγούμενο κεφάλαιο, για να καταλάβουμε καλύτερα τη διάκριση μεταξύ αυτών των μεγεθών.
Τροχιά αεροπλάνου — μετατόπιση Ας υποθέσουμε πως ένα αεροπλάνο πετάει από τη θέση Α στη θέση Β, ακολουθώντας την τροχιά που είναι σχεδιασμένη με τη μαύρη διακεκομμένη γραμμή. Το διάστημα που διανύει το αεροπλάνο, δηλαδή το μήκος της διαδρομής του, προσδιορίζεται από έναν αριθμό και τη μονάδα μέτρησης “μέτρο” ή “χιλιόμετρο”. Αντίθετα η μετατόπιση του αεροπλάνου σχεδιάζεται ως ένα βέλος από τη θέση Α στη θέση Β, με τη μύτη του βέλους να κατευθύνεται προς τη θέση Β . Η κατεύθυνση του βέλους παριστάνει την κατεύθυνση της μετατόπισης και το μήκος του, το μέγεθός της, εκφρασμένο σε “μέτρα” ή “χιλιόμετρα”. Αν το αεροπλάνο ακολουθήσει για το ταξίδι του από τη θέση Α στη θέση Β έναν αεροδιάδρομο διαφορετικό από αυτόν που φαίνεται στην εικόνα, η μετατόπισή του δε θα αλλάξει. Θα παριστάνεται πάλι από το κόκκινο βέλος της εικόνας. Εκείνο που πιθανότατα θα αλλάξει είναι το μήκος της διαδρομής του, δηλαδή το διάστημα. Επομένως η μετατόπιση του αεροπλάνου είναι ανεξάρτητη από την τροχιά του και εξαρτάται μόνο από την αρχική και την τελική του θέση.
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