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svg{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);border-radius:4px;padding:3px 2px}.jp-carousel-pagination-container{flex:1;margin:0 15px 0 35px}.jp-carousel-pagination,.jp-swiper-pagination{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:none;font-size:15px;font-weight:400;position:static!important;white-space:nowrap}.jp-carousel-pagination-container .swiper-pagination{line-height:8px;text-align:left}.jp-carousel-pagination{padding-left:5px}.jp-carousel-info-footer .jp-carousel-photo-title-container{flex-basis:50vw;flex:4;justify-content:center;margin:0;overflow:hidden}.jp-carousel-photo-caption,.jp-carousel-photo-title{background:none!important;border:none!important;color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:inline-block;font:normal 20px/1.3em Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0!important;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 10px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-shadow:none!important;text-transform:none!important}.jp-carousel-info-footer 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Πώς μια αγέλη λύκων μπορεί να αλλάξει τα ποτάμια | Skip to content Πώς μια αγέλη λύκων μπορεί να αλλάξει τα ποτάμια Ισορροπία στα βιολογικά συστήματα Θα μπορούσε μια αγέλη λύκων να αλλάξει τη μορφή ενός οικοσυστήματος ; Έναυσμα προβληματισμού κι ένας ακόμη τρόπος να προσεγγίσει κάποιος την έννοια της ισορροπίας στα βιολογικά συστήματα, στα πλαίσια του μαθήματος της βιολογίας του Γυμνασίου.
Ένα μεγάλο «οικολογικό» πείραμα H ιστορία που ακολουθεί είναι πραγματική και μας βοηθά να κατανοήσουμε τι σημαίνει ένα οικοσύστημα και γιατί η απώλεια ενός κρίκου της αλυσίδας μπορεί να έχει συνέπειες για όλους μας. Με λίγα λόγια, γιατί μπορεί να μας αφορά η εξαφάνιση ενός είδους. Πρόκειται για ένα μεγάλο «οικολογικό» πείραμα ‑έτσι το χαρακτήρισε ο William Ripple, καθηγητής Oικολογίας στο πανεπιστήμιο του Όρεγκον- που πραγματοποιείται στο Yellowstone των ΗΠΑ. Στο εθνικό πάρκο, ο τελευταίος λύκος σκοτώθηκε το 1926. Οι επιστήμονες, παρατηρώντας τις αλλαγές που προκλήθηκαν στη συνέχεια, αποφάσισαν να μεταφέρουν στο Yellowstone μερικές δεκάδες γκρι λύκους από τον Καναδά. Η επανεγκατάσταση είχε εντυπωσιακά αποτελέσματα — ακόμη και αλλαγή της κοίτης των ποταμών!
Εθνικό Πάρκο Yellowstone
Ας πάρουμε τα πράγματα από την αρχή… Οταν χάθηκαν οι λύκοι, αυξήθηκε δραματικά ο αριθμός των μεγάλων ελαφιών — ήταν φυσικό, καθώς έλειπαν οι «θηρευτές» τους. Τα ελάφια, με τη σειρά τους, σχεδόν εξαφάνισαν τη βλάστηση — γιατί αυτή είναι η τροφή τους.
Οι πρώτες αλλαγές Με την παρουσία των πρώτων 14 λύκων, άρχισε να μειώνεται ο αριθμός των ελαφιών. Το πιο σημαντικό όμως ήταν ότι άλλαξε ριζικά η συμπεριφορά τους: απέφευγαν τις κοιλάδες και τα φαράγγια (τα μέρη δηλαδή όπου κινδύνευαν να παγιδευτούν από τους θηρευτές τους). Η βλάστηση στις περιοχές αυτές αναγεννήθηκε — σε μερικά σημεία το ύψος των δέντρων πενταπλασιάστηκε μέσα σε έξι χρόνια.
Οι γυμνές πλαγιές των κοιλάδων γρήγορα καλύφτηκαν από δάση λεύκας, ιτιάς και γηγενούς κίτρινου ιβίσκου. Και μόλις έγινε αυτό, αυξήθηκε σημαντικά ο αριθμός των πουλιών. Το ίδιο συνέβη και με τους κάστορες — που τρέφονται από δέντρα.
Τα τρωκτικά αυτά, όπως και οι λύκοι, χαρακτηρίζονται «μηχανικοί του οικοσυστήματος» διότι δημιουργούν φωλιές για να φιλοξενηθούν άλλα είδη. Τα φράγματα που έχτισαν οι κάστορες στα ποτάμια του Yellowstone στέγασαν βίδρες, μοσχοπόντικες, πάπιες, ψάρια, ερπετά και αμφίβια.
Παράλληλα οι αρκούδες (που συνέβαλαν με τη σειρά τους στη μείωση του πληθυσμού των ελαφιών) πλήθυναν επειδή υπήρχαν περισσότερα μούρα στα θάμνους που ξαναφύτρωσαν.
Μεταμόρφωση της γεωμορφολογίας του πάρκου Συγκλονιστικό είναι το γεγονός πως η παρουσία των λύκων άλλαξε και τη γεωμορφολογία του πάρκου, κυρίως τα ποτάμια. Πώς έγινε αυτό; Τα ανανεωμένα δάση με το ριζικό τους σύστημα σταθεροποίησαν το έδαφος στις όχθες. Ετσι σχηματίστηκαν λιγότεροι μαίανδροι, η διάβρωση μειώθηκε, τα ρυάκια στένεψαν, δημιουργήθηκαν περισσότερες μικρές λίμνες — ιδανικά καταφύγια της άγριας φύσης.
Και να σκεφτεί κανείς ότι αυτές οι αλλαγές ξεκίνησαν από 45 «μέτοικους» λύκους σε μια έκταση 8.987 τετραγωνικών χιλιομέτρων!
Ολα αυτά τα θαυμαστά έχουν καταγραφεί σε ένα ντοκιμαντέρ 4 λεπτών και 34 δευτερολέπτων με τον τίτλο «Πώς οι λύκοι αλλάζουν τα ποτάμια», το οποίο μέχρι στιγμής έχουν παρακολουθήσει στο Youtube περισσότεροι από 4.200.000 θεατές. Είναι δημιουργία της οργάνωσης Sustainable man και η αφήγηση είναι του Αγγλου συγγραφέα George Monbiot (που είναι γνωστός για την περιβαλλοντική δράση του).
Πηγή
In the Valley of the Wolves IntroductionIn 1995, the first gray wolves were transported from Alberta, Canada to Yellowstone National Park, to repopulate the sprawling landscape with the species, absent for more than 70 years. The following year, a second wave of wolves was brought to the park from British Columbia, Canada; five of them were released together, and they were named the Druid Peak pack. Since the arrival of those first immigrants, wolves have thrived in Yellowstone — and none more dramatically than the Druids.
The epic history of the Druids, one of more than a dozen packs now occupying the 2.2 million acres of Yellowstone, is documented in NATURE’s In the Valley of the Wolves , was produced and shot in High Definition by Emmy-award winning filmmaker Bob Landis. On the Web site for In the Valley of the Wolves , you’ll learn how the successful reintroduction of Yellowstone’s apex predator has changed the entire ecosystem of the park, and about the threats that these majestic animals continue to face on their road to recovery.
Πηγή
Οι λύκοι μεταμορφώνουν το περιβάλλον Μου αρέσει αυτό: Like Φόρτωση…
Σχετικά Yellowstone Οικολογία Περιβάλλον
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